陈柏峰：暴力与屈辱：陈村的纠纷解决

按：本文原载《法律和社会科学》第一卷（2006）。

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一 、文本概况与分析框架

近年来，农村纠纷的解决在社会学界、人类学界和法学界同时受到普遍的关注，农村纠纷的产生和解决，农民在纠纷中的心理状态，民间力量、国家政权在纠纷解决中的作为，习惯、习俗、村规民约、法律和政策在纠纷解决中的应用，这些问题都是研究中的热点。针对这些问题的研究出了一大批作品，但系统研究村落社会中的纠纷解决的作品尚不多见。赵旭东曾以法律人类学的方法系统研究了华北一个村落的纠纷及其解决，[1]展现出了具体的人在具体时空中的具体作为，让人看到农民法律生活的清晰、生动场景。他所研究的村庄在历史、社会文化形态、村庄环境、经济发展水平、治理状况等方面都与我所调查的村庄有很大的不同，出于全面理解中国的需要，就类似的主题开展更多的研究是非常必要的。[2]基于此，我希望能够在对一个村落的纠纷进行整体、全面调查的基础上，将这些纠纷放在整个村落环境中理解，考察这些纠纷的生成及其解决形态，并分析这种形态所反映的实际问题。

我所调查的村落是一个地处湖北省南部的陈姓自然村落，按照社会人类学的匿名惯例，我称它为鄂南陈村。陈村在行政上被分为三部分，每部分外加一个小姓村落组成五共村一个村民组（生产队），陈村和这三个小姓村落构成了一个熟人社会，而五共村则是一个半熟人社会。现在陈村存在着屋场墩、大池塘、旧祠堂、仙人亭等公共空间，它们对村落起着非同小可的社会控制作用，脸面、现丑、蜚短流长等会在这种空间中起作用。陈村没有一个真正的教徒，但村民普遍持有某些佛教或道教的观念，有一定的祖宗信仰、鬼神观念和“风水”观念。陈村主要种植水稻，小麦、油菜和棉花等也有种植，村庄内没有任何现代化的工业。

五共村与周围其他五个村庄曾经属于一个很小的窑头乡，这六个村庄关系密切，可以近似看成施坚雅所说的“市场体系”。这个市场体系有两个中心，它们通常是村民们小的农产品交换地点，但由于现在交通的畅通以及交通工具的改进和普及化，这两个中心的交换功能已经大大弱化了。在行政建制上，辖有六个村的窑头乡曾一度被一分为二，五共、永胜、窑头三个村被划归向阳湖奶牛场管辖，其他四个村被划归张庙乡管辖。这段时间很短，窑头乡的建制一直维持到1987年。1987年窑头乡被合并到张庙乡，这样陈村距离乡政府的距离就由2公里变成了15公里，这个距离是陈村到市区距离的大约2倍。2001年，整个张庙乡被合并到官桥镇，这样陈村离镇政府的距离略有缩短，变成了12公里，但村民去镇政府必须先到市区。这种不符合“常规”的地理位置分布使得陈村的村民对镇一级的市场和政权的依赖性大大降低，也对政府的施政能力造成了不可忽视的影响。[3]

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朱晓阳：事实与情理：一家国有企业的兼并纠纷案与社会科学观念

按：本文原载《法律和社会科学》第一卷（2006），原题为“纠纷个案背后的社会科学观念”。

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“悖论社会”？

黄宗智先生提出了“悖论社会”的说法。这种说法最近在学界受到了注目[1]。黄认为：当今研究中国时，面临的一个大问题是：如果按照西方社会科学的理论框架去套中国社会的经验，会发现后者与前者间有诸多悖论。黄因此提出要从实践出发来研究中国[2]。我感觉所谓要“从实践出发”是眼目下一句被说滥了的话。它不能提供更具体一点的指引。因此与坚持“从实践出发”者不一样，我认为更要紧是基于对当代知识论成就的把握，发展出有效解释当下经验的方案。这篇文章便是沿这一方向的迈进。

在以下部分，我将从讲述一个有黄宗智式悖论外貌的故事开始，然后用这个故事引出一些有关文化理解和社会科学方法观念的议论。

这是一个与“现代司法理念”相悖的基层司法案例。

审判：“现代司法理念”与“情理”的纠缠？

我已经在以前写的文章中详述过这个个案[3]，在本文中我将只描述与本文的讨论有关的情节。

这是有关一家国有企业改制的故事。企业坐落在北方一个城市，名字姑且称为Z厂[4]。Z厂在1995年被以污染环境和亏损而政策性停产以前一直以生产工业用纸为产品。1998年Z厂被一家“为兼并而拼凑”的公司——F兼并。F公司兼并Z厂一年后由于基本没有兑现其兼并之初的诺言而遭到Z厂人群起反对“欺诈兼并”。2000年6月Z厂人以“护厂救家园运动”为口号，对被兼并的企业进行“收厂收权”行动。在当年8月8日，收厂收权行动遭地方政府派出公安警察制止。Z厂集体行动中的核心人物职工代表大会总代表原Z厂的副总工程师王工在事件发生前一日被刑事拘留，后来又以“涉嫌聚众扰乱社会秩序”被起诉。地区人民法院先是在2001年2月对他进行了一次庭审，接着便休庭。此后在当年5月23日，王工被以保外就医为理由释放。2003年4月地区人民法院裁定：准许地区人民检查院撤回起诉。原因是检察院“以该案因事实，证据有变化为由向本院提出撤回诉讼”[5]。王工方面对此种结论的回应则是不再反诉起诉方。我们在访问王工时，曾问及是否会要求赔偿。他表示：“我保留这种权利，但不会去做”。

» 继续阅读 朱晓阳：事实与情理：一家国有企业的兼并纠纷案与社会科学观念 全文

Determinants of the Olympic Success of Different Countries–Gary Becker

Hundreds of millions of men and women all over the world have been tuned to their television sets and clued to their computer screens as they followed the Olympic extravaganza in Beijing. The pride taken by people of different countries in their own athletes as they compete against the best from other countries is truly remarkable. To Americans, the main interest this year has been Michael Phelps’ pursuit of a record setting 8 gold medals in swimming-which he accomplished- the gold and silver medals won by two young American girls in the all around gymnastic finals, and the new basketball “dream team” that so far has easily won against China, Spain, and elsewhere. The Chinese have been thrilled by their successes in gymnastics and diving, the Australians by their swimmers, and the Rumanian’s by the victory of their 38 year old mother in the women’s marathon. Pictures were shown of how in 2004 the almost all black country of Zimbabwe with a history of significant racial conflict gave a wildly enthusiastic parade to a white Zimbabwe swimmer who won a gold medal during the Athens Olympics. And so it goes in other countries whose athletes have won medals.

All the accolades given to Olympic medal winners-especially to those who get gold- provides plenty of incentive for young and talented athletes to train hard for the Olympics in the hope of becoming a medal winner. When practically all participants in the Olympics are working hard in their training regimes, and since various random factors, such as illness, injuries, and psychological state are extremely important, it becomes difficult to predict individual winners in many of the competitions. Yet it is rather easy to predict quite well the total number of medals won by different nations.

The article “A Tale of Two Seasons: Participation and Medal Counts at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games”, published in 2004 in the Social Science Quarterly by Professor Daniel Johnson of Colorado College and a co-author, examines the determinants of how many medals were won by different countries in the summer and winter Olympics since the end of World War II. Their regression analysis shows that two very important variables are the total population and per capita incomes of different countries. Also important are whether a country has an authoritarian government-such as communism- a country’s climate, and whether a country is the host country for a particular Olympics. These five variables taken together predict closely the total number of medals won by different countries in the winter as well as summer Games.

» 继续阅读 Determinants of the Olympic Success of Different Countries–Gary Becker 全文

Financing the Olympic Games–Richard Posner’s Comment

IdeoBook 按：这是波斯纳对贝克尔 “Determinants of the Olympic Success of Different Countries” 一文的评论。

When a sport or other game is played all over the world (chess for example, or soccer), it is natural that there should be international competition. The oddity of the Olympics is that they are presented as athletic competitions between nations, rather than between teams each of which presumably would have a permanent residence in one nation yet might recruit team members from other nations as well. Nations in the grip of nationalist emotion or wanting to advertise their power to the world (nations such as Hitler’s Germany, which made the 1936 summer Olympics, held in Berlin, a major propaganda event; East Germany and other communist countries; and now China) invest heavily in training their Olympic athletes. China is estimated to have spent as much as half a billion dollars to train their athletes for the Olympic games now underway in Beijing. The heavy investments that nations that regard Olympic competition as a propaganda opportunity in turn spur other nations to invest heavily in training their own Olympic athletes.

The nationalistic fervor and great-power aspirations that Olympic competition stimulates seem to me a negative externality. In addition, some unknown but doubtless large fraction of the expenditures on training athletes have no social product, but are in the nature of “arms race” expenditures. If one nation spends very heavily on training its Olympic athletes, other nations, if they want to win a respectable number of medals, have to spend heavily as well. The expenditures are offsetting to the extent that the objective of competition is to win rather than to produce an intrinsically better performance. Economic competition produces better products at lower quality-adjusted prices, and this effect dominates the costs of competition in duplication of facilities and offsetting advertising. The balance in athletic competition is different, because the main product (as in war) is winning, and it makes little difference to the consumer whether the winner ran a mile in 3.05 minutes or in 3.01 minutes. Moreover, Olympic competition is inherently lopsided since, as Becker explains, success is largely determined by a nation’s population, per capita income, and (in the winter Olympics) climate. Why should Americans feel good if an American team beats a team from Costa Rica?

» 继续阅读 Financing the Olympic Games–Richard Posner’s Comment 全文

高鸿钧：《哈贝马斯、现代性与法》译后记

[美]马修·德夫林编：《哈贝马斯、现代性与法》，高鸿钧译，清华大学出版社，2008。定价25圆。

内容简介

本书是论述哈贝马斯政治哲学和法学理论的权威性著作，内容涉及交往行为理论对于法学理论发展的重大贡献，现代社会法律的正当性基础，民主与法治的关系，以及商谈论理学视域中的人权等重要议题。作者均是研究哈贝马斯理论的国际名家。他们从不同学科和不同视角阐释了哈贝马斯的政治哲学和法学理论，既指出了其中的重大贡献，也对哈氏的某些观点进行了商榷并提出了质疑。这些讨论、对话和商榷不仅有助于读者深化对于哈贝马斯法学理论的理解，而且有助于推进这种理论的改进和发展。

本书是具有深度的法哲学和法社会学著作，适合于大专院校和研究机构的政治哲学和法学理论研究者，也适合于对法哲学、法社会学以及政治哲学饶有兴趣的一般读者。

目 录

中译者导言： 通过民主和法治获得解放————高鸿钧

第一章 导论：哈贝马斯交往行为理论之法————[美]德夫林
第二章 有效之法如何可能？——评哈贝马斯的《在事实与规范之间》————[美]拉斯穆森
第三章 通过哈贝马斯交往行为的概念探讨法律的生产————[葡] 古本提夫
第四章 商谈伦理学与刑事诉讼中的人权————[荷]巴尔
第五章 法律和政治理论的重构————[德]彼得斯
第六章 《在事实与规范之间》后记————[德]哈贝马斯

参考文献
索引
译后记————高鸿钧

译后记

翻译即便是一种创作，也不过是转换性创作，毕竟不同于原始性创作。因而，原著的作者才具有“亲娘”的地位，而译者至多不过扮演“保姆”的角色。这对于那些青灯黄卷不辞劳苦的译者来说，未免有些不公，在译作不算成果而撰著易于迻译的当下中国学界，似乎尤其如此。于是，译者便有些不甘和不服，遂不避佛头着粪之责和狗尾续貂之讥，在译著正文之外加上不痛不痒的“导言”或不三不四的“后记”。这虽然常常误导读者，但毕竟可以为自己争得个“后妈”名分，终不至于沦为 “保姆”一族。译者这篇译者导言和后记大抵也出于为正当“后妈”而斗争吧。

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